レンジ フードを取り付ける前に、これをお読みください
レンジフードのファンは本当に強力です。その力は、キッチンから煙、臭い、蒸気を排出するのに優れているため、それらが家中に循環することはありません.
しかし、ベンおじさんが思い出させてくれるように、大きな力には大きな責任が伴います (以下を参照)。
建築業者、請負業者、および住宅所有者が責任を持って設置しないと、強力なレンジフードが問題を引き起こす可能性があることが判明しました.これらのファンの中には、毎分 1000 立方フィート (CFM) を超える速度で空気を移動させるものがあります。その結果、負圧が増加し、建物の外皮の隙間や亀裂から「補う」空気が強制的に家に流入します。
言い換えれば、強力なレンジ フードは、不注意で汚れた空気を家に持ち込んで、不健康で潜在的に危険な環境を作り出す可能性があります.
まず最初に:正圧と負圧とは?
建物から出る空気の立方フィートごとに、別の立方フィートが建物に入ります:
- 部屋に入る空気は陽圧です;建物の外皮に隙間や亀裂があると、家に正圧がかかります。暑い日に開いている窓も同様です。
- 部屋から出る空気は負圧です;お風呂やキッチンの扇風機は、家の空気を外に出す機械システムで、稼働中に陰圧バランスを作り出します。
空調された空間では、空気の出入りを制御したいと考えています。そのため、ダクト、サプライ レジスター、およびリターン グリルを可能な限りインテリジェントに取り付けようとしています。一部の住宅に機械換気システムを追加するのもそのためです。
気圧の違いが違いを生む理由
一般的に言えば、正圧は、HVAC の世界における「良い種類の」圧力です。家がわずかに陽圧になっていると、古い「古い」室内空気が屋外の空気によって家の外に押し出されます。理想的な状況では、屋外の空気は、置き換えられる空気よりも新鮮できれいです。
バランスの取れた空気圧も良好です。 Here in the South, high performance homes often contain ERVs to exchange old air for fresh, clean air. In these airtight homes, not much air enters or leaves on its own, so the ERV is needed to maintain good indoor air quality.
Lots of negative pressure, on the other hand, isn't good for any indoor environment, no matter how tight or leaky the building envelope. When a home - or even a room - is under negative pressure, large amounts of air are being sucked out of it. That air has to be replaced somehow, and what happens is that air enters the home via:
- Gaps and cracks between the attic or crawlspace and the living space
- Unsealed spaces around windows and doors
- Chimney and water heater exhaust flues
- Dryer vents and bathroom fans
Needless to say, air that enters your home through the attic or crawlspace isn't the kind of air you want to breathe. And in some situations, negative pressure can lead to carbon monoxide, or CO, backdrafting. When air enters the home to replace the air being removed, some of it might contain CO that was supposed to leave your home through an exhaust vent.
This situation is more common than you might think, and it's dangerous.
Which brings us back to range hoods. That powerful new kitchen fan might be making your home "go negative" by sucking out more air than your home passively takes in. When that happens, indoor air quality doesn't improve actually when you run the fan.
It gets worse. Lots worse.
According to Section M1503.4 of the International Residential Code, you should install a make up air system with motorized controls if your exhaust fan is rated at 400 CFM or higher. Many kitchen fans move air at a rate of over 1000 CFM. Do you think that most people whose fans are that powerful are also installing make up air systems?
They're not. But they should be.
What happens when you run an 1100 CFM kitchen fan in a high performance home?
One day, we got a call from a family with an air quality problem. Despite investing in an energy efficient home, they weren't breathing healthy air. Every time they ran the first floor kitchen fan, air would enter the home through bath fans and gaps in the attic envelope on the third floor .
In other words, the kitchen fan was too powerful. It was causing a severe negative pressure imbalance in the home.
Large quantities unfiltered air were entering from the outdoors and the attic. Not only was the air unclean - it was increasing the heating and cooling loads of the home. The homeowner even installed a ventilating dehumidifier to introduce positive pressure and remove the humidity entering the home when the kitchen fan was on. It was all to no avail, of course.
When we went to the client's home to scope things out, we performed pressure measurements with the fans on and off. We also compared the amount of air the hood was removing with the amount of air being brought in. The results were 100 CFM being brought in to 1100 CFM being removed.
That's eleven times as much air going out than coming in! No wonder there was air entering the home from all sorts of weird places.
ソリューション？ We designed and installed a make up air system sized just for the home, which included:
- Variable speed fans, variable speed controllers, and large exhaust ducts
- Duct elbows and air mufflers to manage the CFM as needed
- Backdraft dampers on the bath fans to prevent air entry
- New ductwork for the ventilating dehumidifier to optimize airflow
We also performed blower door-guided air sealing to address air leakage that wasn't mitigated when the home was built.
As a result, the client was able to balance the negative pressure produced by the range hood with positive pressure from the new ventilation system and ductwork. Now the family can breathe healthy air. It doesn't matter how often they run the kitchen fan.
CO wasn't a factor in this case, but it can be.
Thankfully, this client didn't have an issue with CO entering the home.
But when a kitchen fan creates a negative pressure environment, CO backdrafting from gas appliances is a potential problem. That's why it's important to insist on a combustion safety test as part of any energy audit, blower door-guided air sealing work, or ventilation-related renovation you pursue.
The only way to know there's a CO issue is to test for it after making the home improvements.
Recommendations for kitchen ventilation
So, how can you ventilate your kitchen without creating a harmful air pressure imbalance? And if you've already got a powerful kitchen fan and a really tight home envelope, what should your next move be?
Here are our recommendations for different situations:
You're about to install a new range hood
Have a professional measure the amount of air currently entering and leaving your home under various conditions. That way, you can make an informed decision about how powerful your new kitchen fan should be. PV's whole home assessment includes this test.
You've got a fancy new range hood with a 400+ CFM fan
Depending on how tight or leaky your home is, that new fan could be generating excessive negative pressure. If you're in an older, pre-2000s home and haven't performed any major energy efficiency improvements, you might not have a problem. But if you're in a newer, tighter home, it's possible that you're bringing in dirty air that you'd rather not breathe.
Hire a professional to perform a combustion safety test to see whether any CO enters your home while the fan is running. Again, PV's whole home assessment includes this test.
You don't cook a lot, don't fry things very often, or just aren't worried about kitchen ventilation
Go for a sub-400 CFM range hood or use a recirculating fan instead of a ducted range hood.
Recirculating fans don't exhaust any air, but they do contain a filter to capture the greasy stuff inside your cooking fumes. They're better than nothing, but if you've got one, consider cracking a window while cooking.
Though rare, it's possible for these little range hoods to suck natural gas out of your stove's innards and blow it into your kitchen. It's a good idea to perform a combustion safety test, just to be sure.
In spite of these problems, range hoods are pretty great.
Believe it or not, we like range hoods. We've even got them in our own homes! What we don't like are negative pressure environments with polluted air.
You probably don't either, which is why it's a good idea to know what you're getting before you install a powerful kitchen fan.